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1.
BJHE - Brazilian Journal of Health Economics ; 14(Suplemento 1)Fevereiro/2022.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1366739

ABSTRACT

Objective: This paper discusses issues related to the efficiency and sustainability of public spending on health in Brazil. Despite the achievements of recent decades, the Unified Health System (SUS) faces structural challenges with consequences on the access to public health services and on the financial protection of the population. Methods: The paper provides a brief overview of the public healthcare financing in Brazil over the last ten years and presents an efficiency analysis of the SUS public health spending, using data envelopment analysis (DEA) models for the years of 2013 and 2017. Results: In terms of public spending, the paradox that Brazil spends little but poorly on health still persists. Public expenditures on health are relatively lower than those observed in countries with health systems with similar characteristics, but public expenditures per capita grow at rates higher than the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In terms of efficiency of public health spending, the analysis shows that there is potential to increase the efficiency of the SUS. In 2017, these inefficiencies amounted R$ 35.8 billion. In general, SUS primary healthcare (APS) is more efficient (63% and 68% in 2013 and 2017) than high and medium complexity care (MAC) (29% and 34% in the same years, respectively). Conclusion: Improving the efficiency of public spending on health is particularly important in the current context of low economic growth and strong fiscal constraints in the post-pandemic environment. Efficiency gains can be achieved with: (i) scale gains in the structure and operation of hospitals, (ii) integration of care in health care networks, (iii) increased density and better distribution of the health workforce, (iv) change in mechanisms and incentives to link payments to providers and professionals to health outcomes, with the PHC as the organizer of the system, (v) innovations in the management of health service providers, with an emphasis on public partnership models and private companies (PPPs) . The consolidation of the SUS depends on public policies to improve the efficiency and quality of services provided to the population.

2.
J. bras. econ. saúde (Impr.) ; 14(Suplemento 1)Fevereiro/2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, ECOS | ID: biblio-1363113

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Este artigo discute questões relativas à eficiência e à sustentabilidade do gasto público com saúde no Brasil. A despeito das conquistas das últimas décadas, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) enfrenta desafios estruturais com consequências no acesso aos serviços públicos de saúde e na proteção financeira da população. Métodos: O artigo traça um breve panorama do financiamento da saúde no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos e apresenta análise da eficiência do gasto público em saúde utilizando modelos de análise envoltória de dados (data envelopment analysis ­ DEA) para os gastos com o SUS nos de 2013 e 2017. Resultados: Do ponto de vista do financiamento do sistema público de saúde, persiste o paradoxo de que o Brasil gasta pouco, mas gasta mal. Os gastos públicos com saúde são relativamente menores que os observados em países com sistemas de saúde com caraterísticas semelhantes, porém os gastos públicos per ca pita crescem a taxas maiores do que o crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita. Do ponto de vista da eficiência, a análise demonstra que há potencial de aumentar a eficiência do SUS. Apenas em 2017 essas ineficiências somavam R$ 35,8 bilhões. De forma geral, a atenção primária à saúde (APS) do SUS tem eficiência maior (63% e 68% em 2013 e 2017) do que a atenção de alta e média complexidade (MAC) (29% e 34% nos mesmos anos, respectivamente). Conclusão: Melhorar a eficiência do gasto público com saúde é particularmente importante no contexto atual de baixo crescimento econômico e fortes restrições fiscais no ambiente pós-pandemia. Ganhos de eficiência podem ser alcançados com: (i) ganhos de escala na estrutura e operação dos hospitais, (ii) integração do cuidado em redes de atenção à saúde, (iii) aumento da densidade e melhor distribuição da força de trabalho em saúde, (iv) mudança nos mecanismos e incentivos para vincular os pagamentos aos provedores e profissionais aos resultados de saúde, tendo a APS como organizadora do sistema, (v) inovações na gestão dos provedores de serviços de saúde, com ênfase em modelos de parcerias público-privadas (PPPs). A consolidação do SUS depende de políticas públicas que melhorem a eficiência e a qualidade dos serviços prestados à população.


Objective: This paper discusses issues related to the efficiency and sustainability of public spending on health in Brazil. Despite the achievements of recent decades, the Unified Health System (SUS) faces structural challenges with consequences on the access to public health services and on the financial protection of the population. Methods: The paper provides a brief overview of the public healthcare financing in Brazil over the last ten years and presents an efficiency analysis of the SUS public health spending, using data envelopment analysis (DEA) models for the years of 2013 and 2017. Results: In terms of public spending, the paradox that Brazil spends little but poorly on health still persists. Public expenditures on health are relatively lower than those observed in countries with health systems with similar characteristics, but public expenditures per capita grow at rates higher than the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In terms of efficiency of public health spending, the analysis shows that there is potential to increase the efficiency of the SUS. In 2017, these inefficiencies amounted R$ 35.8 billion. In general, SUS primary healthcare (APS) is more efficient (63% and 68% in 2013 and 2017) than high and medium complexity care (MAC) (29% and 34% in the same years, respectively). Conclusion: Improving the efficiency of public spending on health is particularly important in the current context of low economic growth and strong fiscal constraints in the post-pandemic environment. Efficiency gains can be achieved with: (i) scale gains in the structure and operation of hospitals, (ii) integration of care in health care networks, (iii) increased density and better distribution of the health workforce, (iv) change in mechanisms and incentives to link payments to providers and professionals to health outcomes, with the PHC as the organizer of the system, (v) innovations in the management of health service providers, with an emphasis on public partnership models and private companies (PPPs) . The consolidation of the SUS depends on public policies to improve the efficiency and quality of services provided to the population.


Subject(s)
Unified Health System , Health Expenditures , Healthcare Financing
3.
Cad. saúde colet., (Rio J.) ; 29(3): 453-463, July-Sept. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1360313

ABSTRACT

Resumo Introdução Os gastos em saúde têm sido uma preocupação mundial diante da escassez de recursos financeiros para o atendimento das demandas em saúde. Objetivo Analisar o gasto per capita com diagnóstico por imagem de alta complexidade e associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e estruturais no Brasil. Método Estudo ecológico observacional dos gastos com diagnóstico por imagem utilizando os registros do Sistema de Informação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), com análise de regressão com modelos generalizados de efeitos mistos, de 2008 a 2017, por macrorregiões de saúde, de acordo com as variáveis: PIB per capita, população, taxa de médicos, taxa de equipamentos em uso no SUS e cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Resultados Na análise descritiva dos dados, foi observado aumento dos gastos com diagnóstico por imagem de alta complexidade. Foi identificada correlação positiva entre o gasto e as variáveis taxa de médicos, taxa de equipamentos em uso no SUS e PIB, bem como correlação negativa com a cobertura pela ESF. Conclusão A relação entre ampliação da cobertura pela ESF e diminuição no gasto com diagnóstico por imagem de alta complexidade se apresentou como importante indicador no direcionamento das políticas públicas e de recursos. Assim, macrorregiões com maiores taxas do PIB e de médicos tendem a ter gastos mais elevados com diagnóstico por imagem de alta complexidade.


Abstract Background Health expenditures have become a global concern given the scarcity of financial resources to meet health demands. Objective To analyze the trend of per capita expenditure with high-complexity diagnostic imaging and its association with sociodemographic and structural variables in Brazil. Method Observational, ecological study on diagnostic imaging expenditures using the Unified Health System (SUS) information system records, through regression analysis with Generalized Mixed Effects Models, from 2008 to 2017, by health macro-regions, according to the following variables: GDP per capita, population, rate of physicians, rate of equipment in use at SUS, and coverage by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Results Descriptive analysis of the data showed an increase in expenses with high-complexity diagnostic imaging. Expenditure was positively correlated with rate of physicians, rate of equipment in use in SUS and GDP per capita, and negatively correlated with FHS coverage. Conclusion The relationship between expansion of coverage by the FHS and decreased expenses with high-complexity diagnostic imaging was an important indicator to direct public policies and allocate resources. Thus, macro-regions with higher GDP per capita and rate of physicians tend to have greater expenses with high-complexity diagnostic imaging.

4.
Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery ; : 51-55, 2020.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-973884

ABSTRACT

Objective@#To determine the effectiveness of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) case rate system in reducing out-of-pocket expenses among non-no balance billing (NBB) patients undergoing thyroidectomy under the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery of the Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center from February to September 2018. @*Methods@#Design: Prospective Cross- Sectional. Setting: Tertiary Government Hospital. Participants: Sixty-four (64) randomly selected patients with PhilHealth who underwent thyroidectomy who agreed to participate and reveal their statements of accounts.@*Results@#Among the study population, 20% belonged to the no balance billing (NBB) category, with zero out-of-pocket expenses during their confinement. Eighty percent (80%) belonged to the non-NBB category and also incurred zero hospital charges. In addition, there was no significant difference in the individual categories of the hospital expenses between the two groups except for the surgical procedures (p= .018, 95% CI). The accumulated total expenses also did not significantly differ between the two groups (p= .063, 95% CI). The minimum amount billed was PhP 1,984.95, while the maximum amount charged was PhP 38,898.65, with a median of PhP 18,703.28 and interquartile range of PhP 4,251.78 (XU: PhP 20,848.74, XL : PhP 16,596.96). There were no reported out-of-pocket expenses from non-NBB patients. The actual cost of thyroidectomy did not differ significantly from the case rate provided by PhilHealth among all the RVS categories.@*Conclusion@#The PhilHealth case rate system is effective in reducing out-of-pocket expenses among non-NBB patients who underwent thyroidectomy in our institution during the study period.


Subject(s)
Health Expenditures , Thyroidectomy , Health Expenditures
5.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 23(7): 2303-2314, jul. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-952707

ABSTRACT

Resumo O artigo analisa implicações da política de austeridade no Brasil sobre a garantia do direito social universal, com foco no financiamento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e no direito à saúde. Os efeitos da política de austeridade brasileira são analisados em perspectiva internacional, com base em evidências produzidas em diferentes contextos, identificadas por revisão da literatura, a fim de embasar os argumentos desenvolvidos no artigo. São apresentadas informações sobre as medidas de austeridade fiscal que vêm sendo implantadas no Brasil e analisados seus prováveis impactos para a proteção social no país em um contexto de significativa recessão econômica. Essas medidas vêm demonstrando que a austeridade adotada no Brasil não é universal, pois não atinge toda a sociedade brasileira igualmente, e tampouco tem efeitos temporários, pois não está focada na redução do desequilíbrio momentâneo nas contas públicas. Seu objetivo precípuo é o de promover a redução do tamanho do Estado brasileiro. Por fim, são mostrados caminhos alternativos à política de austeridade fiscal empregada para a crise econômica. As autoras argumentam por um projeto de nação cujo desenvolvimento esteja atrelado à proteção social para o universo dos cidadãos e fundado em valores de solidariedade.


Abstract The article analyzes the implications of the austerity policy in Brazil on the guarantee of universal social rights, focusing on the financing of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the right to health. The effects of the Brazilian austerity policy are analyzed in an international perspective, based on evidence produced in different contexts, identified from a literature review, in order to base the arguments developed in the article. Information on the fiscal austerity measures being implemented in Brazil is presented and its likely impacts on social protection in the country are analyzed in a context of significant economic recession. The austerity policy adopted in Brazil is not universal, since it does not affect all Brazilian society equally, nor does it have temporary effects, since it is not focused on reducing the momentary imbalance in public accounts. Its main objective is to promote the reduction of the size of the Brazilian State. Finally, we show alternative paths to the fiscal austerity policy that has been used to tackle the economic crisis. The authors argue by a national development project that is necessarily linked to social protection for the universe of citizens and based on values of solidarity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Patient Rights , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Health Policy , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Public Policy , Brazil , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Internationality , Economic Recession , National Health Programs/economics
6.
Saúde debate ; 42(116): 25-37, jan.-mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-962646

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender os efeitos que o financiamento das ações e dos serviços públicos vinculado às redes temáticas de atenção à saúde tem sobre as transferências de recursos federais para o Fundo Municipal de Saúde no interior do Bloco de financiamento da Média e Alta Complexidade (MAC), no sentido de identificar em que medida a implementação dessas redes restringiu a autonomia dos entes municipais e quais foram prioritárias com relação ao volume de recursos efetivamente transferidos. De forma geral, indaga-se se as transferências vinculadas às redes temáticas significaram um acréscimo aos recursos do Bloco MAC, mantendo assim preservada a parcela de uso mais autônomo dos entes municipais.


ABSTRACT This article aims to understand the effects that the financing of actions and public programs linked to the health care thematic networks have on the transfers of federal resources to the Municipal Health Fund within the Block of financing of the Medium and High Complexity (MHC), in order to identify to what extent the implementation of these networks restricted the autonomy of municipal entities and which were prioritized in relation to the volume of resources effectively transferred. By and large, one has to question if the transfers linked to thematic networks meant an increase to the resources of the MHC Block, keeping thus the most autonomous portion of use of municipal entities preserved.

7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 42: e28, 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-961728

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Este trabajo expone, en el contexto de la estrategia de salud universal, algunas consideraciones generales y acciones económicas sobre el financiamiento, la eficiencia y otros desafíos económicos de la salud pública en Cuba. Se revisaron fuentes bibliográficas oficiales del estado cubano hasta 2015. Los análisis de series temporales se ajustaron a precios constantes de 1997 y tasa oficial de cambio: 1 peso cubano = 1 dólar estadounidense. El Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano cuenta con una infraestructura sólida, constituida por una amplia red de instalaciones sanitarias que garantizan la cobertura total, el acceso y la equidad en los servicios de la población con recursos humanos calificados. Se realizó un análisis económico bajo el marco conceptual de la estrategia de salud universal con énfasis en el financiamiento, la eficiencia y los desafíos de la salud pública cubana para mantener el derecho a la salud de sus ciudadanos, la equidad, cobertura y acceso en los servicios que se prestan, incluso la eliminación de las barreras económicas, socioculturales y de género, así como la solidaridad con la población cubana y del mundo. Se concluyó que en Cuba se considera la salud universal como una de sus más valiosas realizaciones, aunque se requiere del análisis más eficiente de fuentes fiables y disponibles, la investigación y aplicación de resultados a la práctica sobre las fortalezas y debilidades del sistema en materia de economía de la salud, actualización y uso de los recursos y tecnologías, así como profundizar en las lecciones aprendidas y enfrentar un conjunto de desafíos.


ABSTRACT This paper presents, in the context of the universal health strategy, some general considerations and economic actions on financing, efficiency and other economic challenges of public health in Cuba. Official bibliographic sources of the Cuban state were revised up to 2015. The analyses of time series were adjusted to constant prices of 1997 and the official exchange rate of 1 Cuban peso = 1 US dollar. The Cuban National Health System has a solid infrastructure, consisting of a wide network of health facilities that guarantee full coverage, access and equity in the services provided to the population through qualified human resources. An economic analysis was carried out under the conceptual framework of the universal health strategy, with an emphasis in financing, efficiency and challenges of the Cuban public health system to maintain the right to health of its citizens, equity, coverage and access to the services provided, including the elimination of economic, sociocultural and gender barriers, as well as solidarity with the Cuban population and the world. It was concluded that in Cuba, universal health is considered one of its most valuable achievements, although it is needed a most efficient analysis of reliable and available sources, research and application of results to practice on the strengths and weaknesses of the system regarding health economics, updating and a better use of resources and technologies, as well as deepening the lessons learned and facing remaining challenges.


RESUMO Este artigo apresenta, no contexto da estratégia da saúde universal, algumas considerações gerais e ações econômicas sobre financiamento, eficiência e outros desafios econômicos da saúde pública em Cuba. As fontes bibliográficas oficiais do estado cubano foram revisadas até 2015. As análises das séries temporais foram ajustadas aos preços constantes de 1997 e à taxa oficial de câmbio 1 peso cubano = 1 dólar norte- americano. O Sistema Nacional de Saúde cubano possui uma sólida infra-estrutura, constituída por uma ampla rede de instalações de saúde que garantem cobertura total, acesso e equidade nos serviços da população com recursos humanos qualificados. Uma análise econômica foi realizada no marco conceitual da estratégia de saúde universal que enfatizou o financiamento, eficiência e desafios da saúde pública cubana para manter o direito à saúde de seus cidadãos, equidade, cobertura e acesso no serviços prestados, eliminação de barreiras econômicas, socioculturais e de gênero; bem como a solidariedade com a população cubana e o mundo. Concluiu-se que, em Cuba, a saúde universal é considerada uma das suas conquistas mais valiosas, embora requer a análise mais eficiente de fontes confiáveis e disponíveis, pesquisa e aplicação de resultados para a prática dos pontos fortes e fracos do sistema em termos de economia da saúde, atualização e uso de recursos e tecnologias, além de aprofundar as lições aprendidas e enfrentando um conjunto de desafios.


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Care Economics and Organizations , Efficiency , Healthcare Financing , Cuba
8.
Rev. bras. med. fam. comunidade ; 12(39): 1-11, jan.-dez. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-848823

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a tendência das internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) em Novo Hamburgo, comparando-a com o restante do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e relacionando-a com os investimentos financeiros em saúde e a cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) no município, no período de 1998 a 2012. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico. Os dados foram coletados do Sistema de Internações Hospitalares do SUS. As causas de ICSAP foram baseadas na lista do Ministério da Saúde. A tendência das ICSAP em Novo Hamburgo e no restante do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram analisadas por meio dos seus coeficientes padronizados, pelas médias móveis a cada três anos e pela Regressão Binomial Negativa. Foi realizada análise de correlação entre as variáveis de interesse. Resultados: Apesar do aumento de 329,26% nos investimentos financeiros e da expansão da cobertura por ESF no período, atingindo 20,20% da população, não houve diminuição nas tendências dos coeficientes de ICSAP em Novo Hamburgo. No restante do Rio Grande do Sul houve redução nas ICSAP, contudo, os coeficientes foram maiores do que em Novo Hamburgo no período estudado. Conclusões: Embora no presente estudo não tenha sido encontrada associação entre a diminuição nos coeficientes de ICSAP com o aumento da cobertura pela ESF, incremento do investimento financeiro em saúde, investimento financeiro em APS e o gasto per capita em saúde, há evidências que estes estejam correlacionados. Provavelmente, a cobertura de ESF não foi suficiente para impactar as ICSAP.


Objetivos: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las tendencias de las hospitalizaciones por condiciones sensibles a cuidados de atención primaria (HCSAP) en Novo Hamburgo, comparándolo con el resto del estado de Río Grande do Sul, y relacionándolo con las inversiones en la salud y la cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) en la ciudad, de 1998 a 2012. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico. Los datos se obtuvieron a través del sistema SUS de los ingresos hospitalarios. Las causas de HCSAP se basaron en la lista del Ministerio de la Salud. La tendencia de HCSAP en Novo Hamburgo y el resto del Rio Grande do Sul se analizaron por medio de los coeficientes estandarizados, las medias móviles cada tres años y la Regresión Binomial Negativa. Se realizó análisis de correlación entre las variables de interés. Resultados: A pesar de un aumento de un 329,26% en las inversiones financieras y la ampliación de la cobertura de ESF en el período, llegando a un 20,20% de la población, no hubo una disminución en las tendencias de las tasas de HCSAP. En el resto de Rio Grande do Sul hubo una reducción en HCSAP, sin embargo, las tasas fueron más altas que en Novo Hamburgo, en el mismo período. Conclusión: Aunque en este estudio no se encontró asociación entre la disminución de los coeficientes HCSAP con el aumento de la cobertura por el ESF, con el aumento de la inversión financiera en APS, y con el gasto per cápita en salud, hay evidencia de que están correlacionados. Es probable que la cobertura del ESF no fue suficiente para afectar la HCSAP.


Objectives: This study aimed to analyze trends in admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) in Novo Hamburgo, comparing it with the rest of the Rio Grande do Sul State, and relating it to the investments in health and the Family Health Strategy (FHS) coverage in the city, from 1998 to 2012. Methods: We conducted an ecological study. Data were obtained from the Unified Health System's Hospital Database (SIH-SUS). The causes of ACSC were based on a national list published by the Ministry of Health. ACSC tendencies in Novo Hamburgo and the rest of the Rio Grande do Sul State were analyzed by means of their standardized rates, based on moving averages every three years, and Negative Binomial Regression. Correlation analysis was performed between the variables of interest. Results: Despite an increase of 329.26% in financial investments and the expansion of FHS coverage in the period, reaching 20.20% of the population, there was no decrease in ACSC rate trends in Novo Hamburgo. In the rest of Rio Grande do Sul, there was a reduction in ACSC, however, the rates were higher than in Novo Hamburgo during the same period. Conclusion: Although this study found no association between the decrease in ACSC rates and increased coverage for FHS, increase financial investment in health, financial investment in primary care and per capita spending on health, there is evidence that they are correlated. Probably the FHS coverage was not enough to impact the ACSC.


Subject(s)
Family Health , Healthcare Financing , Hospitalization , Primary Health Care , Quality of Health Care , Ecological Studies
9.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 22(6): 1979-1990, jun. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-840004

ABSTRACT

Resumo O artigo analisa implicações do crescimento da receita orçamentária municipal e da política monetária de metas da inflação na disponibilidade de recursos públicos para a saúde do ente municipal. A pesquisa é descritiva, exploratória, de natureza quantitativa e de corte longitudinal retrospectivo, abrangendo os anos de 2002 a 2011. Analisaram-se variáveis de Financiamento e Gasto em Saúde dos municípios do estado de Pernambuco, descrevendo a evolução e a relação entre elas. Os dados demonstraram crescimento das variáveis e tendência à homogeneidade. A exceção foi a participação das Transferências Intergovernamentais na Despesa Total do Município com Saúde. Constatou-se correlação significativa entre Receita Orçamentária per capita e Despesa com Saúde per capita e correlação negativa significante forte entre Taxa de Inflação, Receita Orçamentária per capita e Despesa com Saúde per capita. Concluiu-se que o incremento da despesa com saúde deve-se mais ao crescimento da arrecadação municipal que ao das transferências. Estas, em termos relativos, não se elevaram. A forte relação inversa entre Taxa de Inflação e variáveis de Financiamento e Gasto comprovam que a política monetária de metas da inflação tem restringido o financiamento da saúde no ente municipal.


Abstract This paper analyzes the implications of municipal budget revenue growth and the monetary policy’s inflation rates goals in the availability of public health resources of municipalities. This is a descriptive, exploratory, quantitative, retrospective and longitudinal cross-sectional study covering the period 2002-2011. We analyzed health financing and expenditure variables in the municipalities of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, describing the trend and the relationship between them. Data showed the growth of the variables and trend towards homogeneity. The exception was for the participation of Intergovernmental Transfers in the Total Health Expenditure of the Municipality. We found a significant correlation between Budget Revenue per capita and Health Expenditure per capita and a strong significant negative correlation between Inflation Rate, Budget Revenue per capita and Health Expenditure per capita. We concluded that increased health expenditure is due more to higher municipal tax revenue than to increased transfers that, in relative terms, did not increase. The strong inverse relationship between inflation rate and the Financing and Expenditure variables show that the monetary policy’s inflation goals have restricted health financing to municipalities.


Subject(s)
Humans , Budgets/trends , Economic Development/trends , Public Health/economics , Health Expenditures/trends , Taxes/economics , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Cities , Healthcare Financing , Inflation, Economic/trends
10.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 51: 101, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-903199

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine maternal and obstetric factors influencing births by cesarean section according to health care funding. METHODS A cross-sectional study with data from Southeastern Brazil. Caesarean section births from February 2011 to July 2012 were included. Data were obtained from interviews with women whose care was publicly or privately funded, and from their obstetric and neonatal records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to generate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for caesarean section births. RESULTS The overall caesarean section rate was 53% among 9,828 women for whom data were available, with the highest rates among women whose maternity care was privately funded. Reasons for performing a c-section were infrequently documented in women's maternity records. The variables that increased the likelihood of c-section regardless of health care funding were the following: paid employment, previous c-section, primiparity, antenatal and labor complications. Older maternal age, university education, and higher socioeconomic status were only associated with c-section in the public system. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal socioeconomic status was associated with greater likelihood of a caesarean section birth in publicly funded settings, but not in the private sector, where funding source alone determined the mode of birth rather than maternal or obstetric characteristics. Maternal socioeconomic status and private healthcare funding continue to drive high rates of caesarean section births in Brazil, with women who have a higher socioeconomic status more likely to have a caesarean section birth in all birth settings.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiology , Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Private/statistics & numerical data , Women's Health/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Public/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Maternal Age , Middle Aged
11.
Indian J Public Health ; 2016 Jan-Mar; 60(1): 40-50
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-179776

ABSTRACT

Revising a health policy of any country is a periodic procedure dependent on the change of demographic profile, current health status of the population including epidemiological changes in disease prevalence pattern, and progress made under the earlier policies. Along with it, newer research revelation of the natural history of the existing and emerging health problems, availability of newer technology as well as changing sociopolitical commitment to improve the health status of the population are the driving forces in the change of policy. Draft National Health Policy (NHP) 2015 is an attempt for the same. A review of the draft has been undertaken. The chapter on introduction is crisp and clear. Situation analysis of the draft is sketchy and without any reference of sources. Shifting the health goal is without any basis, and the objectives defined for the policy change are incongruous with the introduction. A detailed description does not give a clear picture but rather confuses the reader as it talks of comprehensive universal health-care services to be provided with a holistic concept but maximum emphasis is made in the implementation of a national program. Private health-care services are an area to reckon but except for mere references on the involvement in private-public mode, nothing concrete is observed, especially in the primary care level. Involvement envisaged in the secondary and tertiary levels is nebulous. The implementation health insurance program as well as regulatory mechanISM with the existing is also not defined exclusively in the context of a newer health policy.

12.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-172035

ABSTRACT

To achieve universal health coverage (UHC), a range of health-financing reforms, including removal of user fees and the expansion of social health insurance, have been implemented in many countries. While the focus of much research and discussion on UHC has been on the impact of health-financing reforms on population coverage, health-service utilization and out-of-pocket payments, the implications of such reforms for the distribution and performance of the health workforce have often been overlooked. Shortages and geographical imbalances in the distribution of skilled health workers persist in many low- and middle-income countries, posing a threat to achieving UHC. This paper suggests that there are risks associated with health-financing reforms, for the geographical distribution and performance of the health workforce. These risks require greater attention if poor and rural populations are to benefit from expanded financial protection.

13.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 16(3): 1863-1873, mar. 2011. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-582485

ABSTRACT

O Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) foi instituído pelo governo federal como estratégia para reverter o modelo assistencial. Este artigo objetiva identificar o fluxo das contas municipais desde as fontes de financiamento até as atividades de saúde, além de problematizar e avaliar a alocação dos recursos financeiros e a execução orçamentária do PSF no município de Santo Antônio de Jesus (Bahia) em 2005. Os dados financeiros foram coletados através de quatro tabelas propostas pelo National Health Accounts (NHA) e comparados com as fontes documentais. O resultado da pesquisa revelou gastos per capita das 16 unidades do PSF que variaram de R$ 465,40 a R$ 62,30 per capita/unidade/ano. O gasto médio de uma unidade do PSF foi de R$ 17.302/unidade/mês em 2005, e o financiamento do governo federal foi de R$ 2.834/unidade/mês. Conclui-se que houve um financiamento irrisório do Programa (PSF) por parte do governo federal e uma inexistência de cofinanciamento estadual e um grande esforço do município em ampliar o acesso aos serviços de saúde através da ESF. A escolha do município por essa estratégia pode ter inviabilizado outras atividades prioritárias devido aos recursos escassos, e a descrição das atividades registra um perfil que servirá para comparação em pesquisas futuras.


The Family Health Program (PSF) was established by the federal government as a strategy to reverse the care model. This article aimed to identify the flow of accounts from local sources of funding to the activities of health; problematize and evaluate the allocation of financial resources and implementation of the PSF budget in the municipality of Santo Antonio de Jesus (Bahia, Brazil) in the year of 2005. The financial data were collected through four tables proposed by the National Health Accounts (NHA) and compared with data of official reports. The data result on the survey showed a expenditure per capita of 16 PSF units ranging from R$ 465.40 to R$ 62.30 per capita/unit/year. The average expenditure of a unit was R$ 17.302/unit/month) in 2005 and the federal government spent R$ 2.834/unit/month. In conclusion: there was a decisory financing of the PSF by the federal government and a lack of co-financing from state of Bahia; there was a great effort from the council to expand access to health services through the PSF. The choice of the municipality by this strategy may have make unviable other priority activities due to scarce resources; and the limits found in the expenditure description of activities register a profile that will allow comparisons in future researches.


Subject(s)
Humans , Family Health , Government Programs/economics , Health Expenditures , Primary Health Care/economics , Brazil , Budgets
14.
Physis (Rio J.) ; 18(4): 645-684, 2008. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-519686

ABSTRACT

A instituição do Sistema Único de Saúde pela Constituição brasileira de 1988, baseado na diretriz de universalidade e inserido em uma lógica abrangente de Seguridade Social, representou uma inflexão importante na trajetória histórica da proteção social em saúde no país. O artigo parte de um debate conceitual sobre proteção social em saúde e da discussão sobre a trajetória e as principais características histórico-estruturais do sistema de proteção social brasileiro conformado até os anos 1980, com ênfase nas suas expressões na saúde. A seguir, procura fazer um balanço dos 20 anos do SUS, a partir da análise das mudanças e continuidades observadas em quatro dimensões selecionadas para a caracterização da proteção social em saúde no caso brasileiro: organização institucional; financiamento; mix público-privado e modelo de atenção em saúde. Por fim, discutem-se as principais dificuldades e os desafios atuais relacionados à expansão da proteção social em saúde no Brasil.


The creation of the Unified Health System by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, based on the principle of universality and within a wide approach of Social Security, was an important alteration in the history of health care protection in Brazil. This paper presents a conceptual debate on health care protection and discusses the trajectory and main historical-structural characteristics of the Brazilian health care security up to the 1980's, emphasizing its health expressions. Then it analyzes the 20 years of the SUS, based on the analysis of changes and follow-ups in four dimensions selected to feature health care protection in Brazil: institutional organization; financing; public-private mix and health care model. Finally, it discusses the main difficulties and current challenges concerning the expansion of health care security in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Unified Health System/history , Public Health , Healthcare Financing , Social Protection in Health/history , Health Policy/history , Social Welfare , Unified Health System/organization & administration , Brazil , Public Expenditures on Health , Right to Health
15.
Saúde Soc ; 15(2): 9-22, maio-ago. 2006. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-477797

ABSTRACT

Los objetivos de este trabajo son tres: en primer lugar, se revisan las causas de las desigualdades sociales en salud incluyendo el papel que juegan los servicios sanitarios en las mismas; posteriormente se analiza la influencia de la financiación y la organización de los servicios sanitarios en las desigualdades y finalmente, se muestra un ejemplo de las desigualdades en la utilización de los servicios sanitarios en Cataluña, comunidad autónoma del Estado Español donde existe un Sistema Nacional de Salud. Se analizan las siguientes causas de las desigualdades en salud: los estilos de vida o conductas relacionadas con la salud, los servicios sanitarios, los factores materiales o estructurales, las desigualdades de renta y los factores políticos. Los servicios sanitarios no son los determinantes principales de la salud ni de las desigualdades en salud. Pero la existencia de servicios sanitarios adecuados es una necesidad fundamental y el acceso a los mismos debería ser un derecho de todas las personas sin distinciones sociales. Tanto la calidad como la cobertura de los servicios sanitarios son una parte integral de la definición del desarrollo en sí mismo y constituyen unos de los principales indicadores de bienestar social. Finalmente, se muestra un ejemplo sobre las desigualdades según clase social en la utilización de servicios sanitarios en Cataluña en 1994 y en 2002, desigualdades que son prácticamente inexistentes en el caso de los servicios sanitarios curativos, pero que se mantienen en los servicios preventivos.


The objectives of this paper are three: first to review the causes of inequalities in health and the role played by health services; second, to analyze the influence of health care financing and the organization of health services on inequalities in health and to show an example of the study of inequalities in health services utilization in Catalonia, an autonomous community of Spain where a National Health System exists. The following causes of health inequalities are analyzed: life styles or health behaviors, health services, material or structural factors, income inequalities and political factors. Health services are not the main determinants of health or of health inequalities. But the existence of health services is a fundamental need for everyone and the access to them should be a right for all people independently of their social characteristics. Quality and coverage of health services is an important part of development and they constitute main indicators of social wellbeing. Finally, it is shown an example of social class inequalities in health services utilization in Catalonia in 1994 and 2002, inequalities that are non existent for curative services but that still remain for preventive services.


Subject(s)
National Health Systems , Healthcare Financing , Health Inequities , Health Services
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